Adding Swap Space

Sometimes it is necessary to add more swap space after installation. For example, you may upgrade the amount of RAM in your system from 128 MB to 256 MB, but there is only 256 MB of swap space. It might be advantageous to increase the amount of swap space to 512 MB if you perform memory-intense operations or run applications that require a large amount of memory.

You have three options: create a new swap partition, create a new swap file, or extend swap on an existing LVM2 logical volume. It is recommended that you extend an existing logical volume.

Extending Swap on an LVM2 Logical Volume

To extend an LVM2 swap logical volume (assuming /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol01 is the volume you want to extend):

Disable swapping for the associated logical volume:
```
# swapoff -v /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol01
```

Resize the LVM2 logical volume by 256 MB:

# lvm lvresize /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol01 -L +256M

Format the new swap space:
```
# mkswap /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol01
```
Enable the extended logical volume:
```
# swapon -va
```
Test that the logical volume has been extended properly:
```
# cat /proc/swaps # free
```

Creating an LVM2 Logical Volume for Swap

To add a swap volume group (assuming /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol02 is the swap volume you want to add):

Create the LVM2 logical volume of size 256 MB:
```
# lvm lvcreate VolGroup00 -n LogVol02 -L 256M
```
Format the new swap space:
```
# mkswap /dev/VolGroup00/LogVol02
```

Add the following entry to the /etc/fstab file:

/dev/VolGroup00/LogVol02   swap     swap    defaults     0 0

Enable the extended logical volume:
```
# swapon -va
```
Test that the logical volume has been extended properly:
```
# cat /proc/swaps # free
```

Creating a Swap File

To add a swap file:

Determine the size of the new swap file in megabytes and multiply by 1024 to determine the number of blocks. For example, the block size of a 64 MB swap file is 65536.
At a shell prompt as root, type the following command with count being equal to the desired block size:
```
dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile bs=1024 count=32768000
```
Setup the swap file with the command:
```
mkswap /swapfile
```
To enable the swap file immediately but not automatically at boot time:
```
swapon /swapfile
```
To enable it at boot time, edit /etc/fstab to include the following entry:
```
/swapfile          swap            swap    defaults        0 0
```
The next time the system boots, it enables the new swap file.
After adding the new swap file and enabling it, verify it is enabled by viewing the output of the commandcat /proc/swaps or free.

Procedure To Add a Swap File Under Linux

You need to use the dd command to create swap file. The mkswap command is used to set up a Linux swap area on a device or in a file.

Step #1: Login as the Root User

Open a terminal window (select Applications > Accessories > Terminal) or login to remote server using the ssh client. Switch to the root user by typing su – and entering the root password, when prompted

Step #2: Create Storage File

Type the following command to create 512MB swap file (1024 * 512MB = 524288 block size):
# dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile1 bs=1024 count=524288
Where,

if=/dev/zero : Read from /dev/zero file. /dev/zero is a special file in that provides as many null characters to build storage file called /swapfile1.
of=/swapfile1 : Read from /dev/zero write stoage file to /swapfile1.
bs=1024 : Read and write 1024 BYTES bytes at a time.
count=524288 : Copy only 523288 BLOCKS input blocks.

Step #3: Set Up a Linux Swap Area

Type the following command to set up a Linux swap area in a file:
# mkswap /swapfile1
Setup correct file permission for security reasons, enter:
# chown root:root /swapfile1 # chmod 0600 /swapfile1
A world-readable swap file is a huge local vulnerability. The above command make sure only root user can read/write to the file. Finally, activate /swapfile1 swap space immediately, enter:
# swapon /swapfile1

To activate /swapfile1 after Linux system reboot, add entry to /etc/fstab file. Open this file using a text editor such as vi:
# vi /etc/fstab

Append the following line:
/swapfile1 swap swap defaults 0 0
Save and close the file. Next time Linux comes up after reboot, it enables the new swap file for you automatically.

How do I Verify Swap is Activated or Not?

Simply use the free command:
$ free -m